Cuantificación de compuestos con potencial bioactivo en Citrullus lanatus, Luffa cylindrica y Sicana odorifera

La sandía vanessa, la luffa y la cassabanana son cucurbitáceas que poseen compuestos con potencial bioactivo, esto es, presencia de compuestos que ejercen efectos benéficos para la salud. En Colombia, estas frutas son desaprovechadas, debido a su escasa popularidad; dar a conocer la información de sus compuestos nutricionales incentiva su aprovechamiento y consumo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar la caracterización fisicoquímica y evaluar el efecto de la liofilización y la extracción asistida por ultrasonido sobre el contenido de vitamina C, polifenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante de las partes de cada fruto. Los desechos generados entre cortezas y semillas son de 28,3 % (sandía), 68,76 % (luffa) y 25,39 % (cassabanana); estos, a su vez, presentaron contenidos de polifenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante mayores que en la pulpa. El tratamiento de liofilización mejoró la extracción % en capacidad antioxidante, vitamina C y polifenoles totales, comparado con las muestras frescas. Por otro lado, tanto la corteza como la pulpa de luffa son una buena fuente de compuestos con capacidad antioxidante, mientras que la sandía y la cassabanana alcanzaron una buena aceptación sensorial, lo cual, se atribuye al contenido de sólidos solubles y el alto contenido de agua, que las hace frutas dulces y refrescantes.

Vanessa watermelon, luffa and cassabanana are cucurbits that have compounds with bioactive potential, that is, compounds that have beneficial effects on health. In Colombia, these fruits are underutilized due to their low popularity; making known the information on their nutritional compounds encourages their use and consumption. The objective of this study was to perform the physicochemical characterization and evaluate the effect of freeze-drying and ultrasound-assisted extraction on the vitamin C content, total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of the parts of each fruit. The wastes generated between rinds and seeds are 28.3 % (watermelon), 68.76 % (luffa) and 25.39 % (cassabanana), these in turn presented higher total polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacity than in the pulp. The freeze-drying treatment improved the extraction % in antioxidant capacity, vitamin C and total polyphenols compared to fresh samples. On the other hand, both rind and pulp of luffa are a good source of compounds with antioxidant capacity, while watermelon and cassabanana reached a good sensory acceptance, which is attributed to the soluble solids content and the high-water content, which makes them sweet and refreshing fruits.

Determination of total polyphenols and catechins in betel nut polyphenol extract / 药学实践杂志

Objective To establish a method for the determination of total polyphenols and catechins in betel nut polyphenols extract, and provide reference for the quality control of betel nut polyphenols extract. Methods The content of total phenol in betel nut extract was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The content of catechins was determined by HPLC. Results The linear range of total polyphenols in betel nuts extract was 9.8~58.8 μg/ml. The three components of catechin, epicatechin and protocatechuic acid were completely separated by HPLC, and the linear relationship was good in their respective ranges, with the recoveries between 99.17% and 101.67%, the RSD between 1.2% and 2.5%. Conclusion The established method is simple, stable and reliable, which could be used for the quantitative analysis of betel polyphenol extract, and provide experimental basis for the quality control of betel polyphenol extract.

Capacidad antioxidante de un chocolate oscuro de granos cacao orgánico sin fermentar / Antioxidant capacity of a dark chocolate from organic and unfermented cocoa beans

Se evaluó la composición proximal, el contenido de polifenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante de un chocolate oscuro formulado a partir de granos de cacao orgánico, seco, y no sometido al proceso fermentativo. Este producto fue elaborado con insumos y procesos desarrollados en la Granja Experimental El Cairo, ubicada en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (GEL-UN), departamento de Arauca, Colombia. El contenido de grasa se encontró entre los rangos conocidos (>50%), siendo una característica ligada al origen genético, y a las condiciones climáticas. El alto contenido de proteínas (16,21%), evidencia que se trata de granos de cacao secos no fermentados. Tal contenido juega un papel importante en la formación de los precursores del sabor y aroma, en chocolates finos y exquisitos. El pH determinado es un indicativo de un chocolate amargo, con bajo índice de fermentación y de baja acidez acética o láctica. El contenido de polifenoles totales se relaciona de manera directa con la alta actividad antioxidante de este chocolate. Se concluye que el tipo de material genético usado como insumo, así como los procesos implementados para la obtención del chocolate, en GEL-UN, contribuyeron para la obtención de un producto tipo comercial, con propiedades funcionales, entre ellas las relacionadas con la capacidad antioxidante(AU)

Thee proximal chemical composition, the content of total polyphenols, and the antioxidant capacity of a dark chocolate formulated from organic, dry cocoa beans and not subjected to the fermentation process were evaluated. This product was made with inputs and processes developed at the El Cairo Experimental Farm, located at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (CEF-UN), Arauca, Colombia. The fat content was found between the known ranges (> 50%), being a characteristic linked to the genetic origin, and to the climatic conditions. The high protein content (16.21%) evidenced that it´s unfermented dry cocoa beans. Such content plays an important role in the formation of precursors of flavor and aroma, in fine and exquisite chocolates. The determined pH is indicative of a dark chocolate, with a low fermentation index and low acetic or lactic acidity. The content of total polyphenols is directly related to the high antioxidant activity of this chocolate. It is concluded that the type of genetic material used as input, as well as the processes implemented to obtain chocolate, in CEF-UN, contributed to obtaining a commercial type product, with functional properties, including those related to antioxidant capacity(AU)

Optimization of supercritical CO 2 extraction of red ginseng polysaccharide by response surface methodology and its antioxidant activity in vitro / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:Response surface methodology was used to optimize the optimal extraction conditions of red ginseng polysaccharide and to study the antioxidant activity of red ginseng polysaccharide.Methods:Supercritical CO 2 extraction method was used to extract polysaccharides from red ginseng. The effects of solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature and extraction pressure on the extraction of polysaccharides from red ginseng were investigated. Box-behnken Design method was used to optimize the extraction process of red ginseng polysaccharide, and Logit method was used to calculate the semi-inhibitory concentration of red ginseng polysaccharide on DPPH clearance (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC 50). Results:The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 61.12 ℃, extraction pressure 20.64 MPa, extraction time 128.37 min, solid-liquid ratio 1∶25.61 g/ml, and the extraction yield of red ginseng polysaccharide was 36.89%. The results of three groups of repeatability tests showed that the relative error of polysaccharide yield of red ginseng was in the range of 5%. When the mass concentration of red ginseng polysaccharide was 25 μg/ml, it had better antioxidant activity and IC 50 was 10.97 μg/ml. Conclusion:The optimized extraction conditions of red ginseng polysaccharide were reasonable and reliable, and the antioxidant activity of red ginseng polysaccharide was strong, which could provide reference for the follow-up research.

Optimization of total polyphenol purification from purple tea by macroporous resin / 药学实践杂志

Objective To screen the macroporous adsorption resin suitable for the separation and purification of total polyphenols from purple tea and establish the purification process parameters to prepare high-purity total polyphenols from purple tea. Methods The static adsorption-elution test was used to screen macroporous adsorption resin for the purification of total polyphenols from purple tea. Based on the single factor test, the comprehensive score of adsorption rate was used as the index to investigate the effects of different factors on the purification process and identify the optimal parameters for the purification process. Those factors included sample concentration, the pH value of the sample solution, the ratio of column diameter to height, sample size, ethanol percentage in the eluent, eluent volume and elution flow rate. Results The best process parameters for purification of total polyphenols from purple tea by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin were as following. The sample concentration was 375 μg/ml with flow rate 2 ml/min. The sample volume was 3 BV. The sample solution pH was 2. The ratio of colume diameter to height was 1∶6. The impurities were removed first by water 3 BV. 50% ethanol 4 BV was used for elution with flow rate 2 ml/min. Conclusion AB-8 macroporous resin was selected for the purification of polyphenols from purple tea under the optimized technological conditions. The mass fraction of total polyphenols increased from 40.2% to an average of 69.8%. The solid content decreased from 56.0 mg to 29.9 mg. The established purification process has good stability and feasibility. It can be used as a purification process for total polyphenols from purple tea.

Optimización del proceso de extracción de compuestos fenólicos de la angiosperma marina Thalassia testudinum / Optimization of the extraction process of phenolic compounds from the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum

RESUMEN Thalassia testudinum es la planta marina de mayor abundancia en el litoral de La Habana y del Caribe en general, conocida comúnmente como praderas submarinas o hierba de tortuga. Entre los compuestos de interés que se pueden encontrar en esta especie sobresalen los polifenoles, los cuales son componentes estructurales de su pared celular y poseen propiedades funcionales y bioactivas como antioxidante, anti-inflamatorio, neuroprotector y hepatoprotector. Investigaciones previas evaluaron diversos métodos de extracción de compuestos bioactivos para esta especie, por lo que este trabajo tuvo como objetivo optimizar las condiciones de extracción del contenido de polifenoles totales. Para ello se utilizó el método de Box y Hunter y se evaluó el efecto de tres factores influyentes en la extracción de compuestos fenólicos (velocidad de agitación, relación material vegetal/% alcohol y concentración de etanol). Como variable respuesta se empleó el contenido de polifenoles totales determinada por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Los resultados del diseño proporcionaron como condiciones óptimas en las variables estudiadas las siguientes: 1/11.5 p:v, 60% de EtOH y 800 r.p.m., alcanzando rendimiento de polifenoles totales, igual a 25.60 mg/g de extracto seco; superior a las restantes condiciones de extracción para un extracto bioactivo con potencialidades de uso en la industria farmacéutica o nutracéutica.

ABSTRACT Thalassia testudinum is the marine plant of greatest abundance along the coast of Havana and the Caribbean in general, commonly known as seagrass meadows or turtle grass. Among the compounds of interest that can be found in this species there are polyphenols, which are structural components of its cell wall and have functional and bioactive properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective. Previous research evaluated different methods of extracting bioactive compounds from this species, and this work aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of the total polyphenol content. For this, the Box and Hunter method was used and the effect of three influential factors in the extraction of phenolic compounds (agitation speed, vegetal material / solvent ratio and ethanol concentration) was evaluated. The total polyphenol content determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used as a response variable. The design results provided as optimal conditions in the studied variables the following: 1/11.5 w: v, 60% EtOH and 800 r.p.m., reaching a total polyphenol yield of 25.60 mg/g of dry extract; which contributes to the obtaining of a better content of total phenols in a bioactive extract with potentialities of use in the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries.

Optimization of purification of total polyphenols from Acanthopanan trifoliates leaves by macroporous resin / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the adsorption performance and purification effect of macroporous adsorption resin on total polyphenols in Acanthopanan trifoliates leaves, and to determine the technological conditions for the purification of total polyphenols from A. trifoliates leaves. Methods: The Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method was used to quantify the adsorption and desorption effects of five macroporous adsorption resins on the total polyphenols in the A. trifoliates leaves. The resin suitable for separation and purification of total polyphenols in A. trifoliates leaves was screened, and the adsorption and desorption conditions were investigated and optimized. The final optimized parameters were determined by single factor experiments. Results: The best purification parameters of total polyphenols were determined as follows: the concentration of sample solution was 1.0 mg/mL (crude drug) with pH 3.0, sample flow rate was at 2 mL/min, and the sample loading was controlled to 30 mL, the elution was 50% ethanol at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min with pH 6.0, and the elution amount was 40 mL. The polyphenol sample of the A. trifoliates leaves was purified by HPD100 resin, and the purity increased from 11.7% to 49.7%, and the purification effect was 4.25 times than before. After 30 times enlargement experiment, the purity of the A. trifoliates leaves polyphenol sample increased from 12.5% before purification to 54.5%, and the purification effect was 4.4 times than before. The amount of macroporous resin did not affect the purification efficiency, which provided reference for HPD100 macroporous resin for industrial production of total polyphenols purification of A. trifoliates leaves. Conclusion: HPD100 is the best resin for purifying total polyphenols from A. trifoliates leaves, and the process technology result in this experiment can be applied to industrial production.

Optimization of Purification Technology of Gastrodia elata Total Polyphenols by Macroporous Resin / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for content determination of total polyphenols from Gastrodia elata， and to optimize the purification technology of macroporous resin. METHODS： The content of total polyphenols from G. elata was determined by Folin-ciocaileu colorimetry. Using the absorption and desorption performance as index， 4 kinds of macroporous adsorption resins were selected by static adsorption and desorption tests. The flow rate and mass concentration of the sampling solution， volume fraction of eluent， eluent flow rate and eluent volume were investigated by dynamic adsorption and desorption tests. The purification technology of macroporous resin was optimized. RESULTS： The linear range of gallic acid was 4-32 μg/mL （r＝0.999 9）. RSDs of precision， stability and repeatability tests were all less than 2％. The recovery rate of the sample was 95.51％-102.94％（RSD＝2.54％，n＝6）. D301 macroporous resin had strong static adsorption and desorption ability from G. elata polyphenols. The optimal purification technology included that the sample solution flow rate 2 BV/h； the sample solution mass concentration 4 mg/mL； the elution solvent 70％ ethanol； the elution flow rate was 3 BV/h， and the eluent volume 5 BV. The content of total polyphenols from G. elata optimized by the optimal purification technology was 0.381 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is sensitive and stable. The optimized purification technology is stable and feasible.

Purification Process of Polyphenols Group in Ilex paraguariensis Based on Fingerprint / 医药导报

Objective To study the optimum technological conditions of macroporous resin separation and purification of polyphenol composition. Methods Fingerprint of Ilex paraguariensis was established by HPLC method. The best resin, loading conditions and elution requirements were screened with chlorogenic acid and elution rate of total active constituents served as the index. Results The optimum technological conditions were as follows:the separation carrier was D101 macroporous resin,the concentration of the sample liquid was 0.10 g?mL-1 ,the resin adsorption quantity of crude drugs was 1.5 g?g-1 ,the impurity was removed by four times of amount of water at first,and then eluted with four times the amount of 70％ ethanol in a gradient manner.After purification,the elution rate of chlorogenic acid was up to 82.83％,and the elution rate of total effective component was about 72. 48％. The resemblance of HPLC fingerprint was over 0. 98, and the components were balancedly recoveried. Conclusion The purification process of total polyphenols in Ilex paraguariensis by D101 macroporous resin was simple,reliable,and can be used for large-scale production.

Effects of Different Drying Technologies and Slicing on the Quality of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum by Multi-in-dexes Evaluation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of different drying technologies and slicing on the quality of Tetrastigma hemsley-anum,and optimize the drying methods for T. hemsleyanum. METHODS:2 treatment methods(slicing and no slicing)and 5 dry-ing methods(drying in the shade,drying in the sunlight,hot-air drying,microwave drying and freeze drying)were respectively ad-opted for the T. hemsleyanum root. After drying for 3.5-213.0 h,using the total flavonoids,total polyphenols,polysaccharides andβ-sitosterol as indexes,effects of different drying technologies on the quality of T. hemsleyanum were comparatively analyzed. RE-SULTS:Compared with no slicing,sliced T. hemsleyanum can shorten the drying time and reduce the loss of active ingredients. In the 5 drying methods,freeze drying was the best for keeping the active ingredients in T. hemsleyanum. After drying,the contents of total flavonoids,polysaccharides,total polyphenols and β-sitosterol were 18.5 mg/g,92.7 mg/g,9.19 mg/g and 0.344 mg/g respec-tively,followed by microwave drying,hot-air drying,drying in the shade and drying in the sunlight. The contents of active ingredi-ents had statistical significance by each drying methods (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Different drying technologies have obvious effects on the quality of T. hemsleyanum. Slicing and hot-air drying at 60 ℃ were suggested as suitable method for T. hemsleyanum in terms of cost,content of active ingredients and practicability.

Capacidad antioxidante del fruto de la opuntia apurimacensis (ayrampo) y de la opuntia ficus-indica (tuna) / Antioxidant properties of the fruits opuntia apurimacensis (ayrampo)and opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear)

Introducción. En la tuna existen compuestos antioxidantes, pero, se desconoce si hay en el ayrampo. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidadantioxidante de Opuntia apurimacensis (ayrampo) y de Opuntia ficus-indica (tuna). Diseño. Estudio analítico observacional. Lugar.Laboratorio de Bioquímica Clínica y Nutricional, Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, UniversidadNacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico. Fruta fresca (ff) de Opuntia apurimacensis (ayrampo) y Opuntia ficusindica(tuna). Intervenciones. En los extractos acuosos se realizaron determinaciones de vitamina C, polifenoles totales y capacidadantioxidante (FRAP). Los resultados se analizaron mediante la prueba de Mann-Whitney, con 95% de confianza. Principales medidasde resultados. Concentración de vitamina C y polifenoles totales; capacidad antioxidante. Resultados. El ayrampo presentó mayorconcentración de vitamina C (49,9 y 36,1 mg de ácido ascórbico/100 g ff), mayor concentración de polifenoles totales (107,3 y68,7 mg de equivalente ácido gálico/100 g ff) y mayor capacidad antioxidante (1,1 y 0,7 mmoles de Fe- II/100 g ff) que la tuna. Elayrampo mostró mayor correlación entre la capacidad antioxidante y la vitamina C (0,91 y 0,56), mientras que, la tuna tuvo mayorcorrelación entre la capacidad antioxidante y los polifenoles totales (0,98 y 0,82). Conclusiones. El ayrampo presentó mayor capacidadantioxidante que la tuna.

Introduction. The cactus pear contains antioxidant compounds, but it is unknown if these exist in the ayrampo. Objective. To determinethe antioxidant capacity of Opuntia apurimacensis (ayrampo) and Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear). Design. Analytical observationalstudy. Location. Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biological material. Fresh fruit (ff) of both Opuntia apurimacensis (ayrampo)and Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear). Interventions. Determination of vitamin C, polyphenols and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) wereperformed in both fruits aqueous extracts. Results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test with 95% confidence. Main outcome measures. Concentration of vitamin C and polyphenols; antioxidant capacity (FRAP). Results. Compared to the cactus pear, ayrampopresented the highest concentration of vitamin C (49.9 and 36.1 mg ascorbic acid/100 g ff), highest concentration of total polyphenols(107.3 and 68.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g ff) and highest antioxidant capacity (1.1 and 0.7 mmol of Fe-II/100 g ff). Ayramposhowed the highest correlation between antioxidant capacity and vitamin C (0.91 and 0.56), and the prickly pear the higher correlationbetween antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols (0.98 and 0.82). Conclusions. Ayrampo showed higher antioxidant capacitycompared to cactus pear.

Raleio de cachos sobre o potencial enológico da uva 'Cabernet Franc' em duas safras / A survey of clusters thinning in the 'Cabernet Franc' winemaking potential in two seasons

RESUMO:O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a maturação tecnológica e fenólica das uvas na variedade 'Cabernet Franc', submetida a diferentes níveis de raleio de cachos, de modo a estabelecer critérios que contribuam para definir o manejo mais apropriado para a obtenção de uvas destinadas à elaboração de vinhos finos, em regiões acima de 900m de altitude. Os ensaios foram conduzidos durante as safras 2009/10 e 2010/11 em um vinhedo comercial a 1,230m de altitude, localizado no município de São Joaquim, SC, coordenadas 28º 17' 39" S e 49º 55' 56" W. Foi utilizada a variedade 'Cabernet Franc', enxertada sobre 'Paulsen 1103', conduzida em espaldeira, com espaçamento de 3,0m x 1,2m e cobertura anti-granizo. Os níveis de raleio de cachos, ajustados na virada de cor "véraison", corresponderam à produção máxima, com reduções percentuais em sua produtividade em 25%, 50% e 75%. Observou-se que, em região de altitude, a prática de raleio de cachos modifica as características químicas da uva 'Cabernet Franc', aumentando o pH, reduzindo o teor de SS do mosto e polifenóis da casca. A realização do raleio de cachos, além de reduzir a produção por área, não teve um efeito compensatório na qualidade do mosto, além de não ter sido observado equilíbrio vegetativo/produtivo das plantas. A redução da carga através da prática do raleio de cachos não gerou os benefícios esperados para a cv 'Cabernet Franc', cultivada em região de altitude nas duas safras avaliadas.

ABSTRACT:This study aims to evaluate the ripening of 'Cabernet Franc's' grape berries submitted to different levels of clusters thinning in order to establish criteria that will help to define the most appropriate management for winemaking in regions above 900m. The experiment was conducted during the growing seasons of 2009/10 and 2010/11 in a commercial vineyard (28º 17' 39" S e 49º 55' 56" W, 1,230m), located in São Joaquim, SC. Plants are grafted on Paulsen 1103 and conducted in vertical shooting positioning trellis, spacing 3.0 x 1.2m and covered with hail protection net. Levels of clusters thinning, set at "veraison", corresponded to maximum production, and percentage reductions in productivity by 25%, 50% and 75%. In the region of altitude, the practice of clusters thinning modifies the chemical composition of 'Cabernet Franc's' grape berries. Besides reducing the production per area, this practice does not have a compensatory effect of lower productivity in the quality of wine and equilibrium vegetative/productive plants as well. Reducing production through clusters thinning did not reach the expected benefits for cv 'Cabernet Franc' in this survey.

Synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects of fruit mixtures on total antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds in tropical fruit juices / Efectos sinérgicos, aditivos y antagónicos de mezclas de pulpa frutas en la capacidad antioxidante total y compuestos bioactivos en los zumos de frutas tropicales

The objective of this work was investigate the synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects of fruit mixtures on total antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds in tropical fruit juices, and optimize its formulation by the response surface methodology based on the responses: total polyphenols (TP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ascorbic acid content and sensorial acceptance. Camu-camu, acerola and acai were the major factors that influenced the antioxidant potential of the juice; and the yellow mombin showed a positive effect on the acceptance of the tropical juice. It was observed an antagonistic effect between acerola and camu-camu for the TAC response. The optimum formulation obtained was 20% acerola, 10% camu-camu, 10% yellow mombin, 10% cashew apple and 10% acai, which was responsible for a response of 155.46 mg.100 g-1 of ascorbic acid, 103.01 mg of GAE.100 g-1 of TP, 10.27 μM Trolox g-1 of TAC and approximately 6.1 of acceptance.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar los efectos sinérgicos, aditivos y antagónicos de mezclas de diferentes frutas tropicales en la capacidad antioxidante total (TAC) y compuestos bioactivos presentes en los jugos mixtos, y optimizar su formulación por la metodología de superficie de respuesta basado en las evaluaciones de: polifenoles totales (TP), capacidad antioxidante total (TAC), contenido de ácido ascórbico y la aceptación sensorial. Camu-camu, acerola y acai fueron las frutas que más influyeron en el potencial antioxidante del jugo mixto; y el jobo mostró un efecto positivo en la aceptación del jugo mixto tropical. Se observó un efecto antagónico entre acerola y camu-camu para la TAC. La formulación óptima obtenida contenía 20% acerola, 10% de camu-camu, 10% el jobo, 10% de manzana de marañón y 10% de acai, la cual ha proporcionado contenidos medio de 155,46 mg.100 g-1 de ácido ascórbico, 103,01 mg de GAE.100 g-1 de TP, 10,27 mM Trolox g-1 de TAC y aproximadamente 6.1 de aceptación sensorial.

Comparação do teor de taninos entre duas espécies de espinheira-santa (Maytenus aquifolium Mart.e Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek)cultivadas no Horto Medicinal do Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista - RBBV da Itaipu Binacional - Foz do Iguaçu, PR - Brasil / Comparison of the tannin doses between two species of thorn-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. and Maytenus aquifolium Mart. ex Reissek) grown in the medicinal garden of Bela Vista Biological Refuge - RBBV of Itaipu Binational - Foz do Iguacu, PR - Brazil

RESUMO As duas espécies de espinheira-santa Maytenus aquifolium Mart. e Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek pertencentes à família Celastraceae e têm sido intensamente exploradas nas populações nativas devido seu alto valor medicinal. O grande interesse pela espinheira-santa é para o tratamento de gastrites, úlceras gástricas e duodenais. O efeito antiulcerogênico está relacionado com a presença de polifenóis totais, mais especificamente com os taninos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o teor de taninos entre essas duas espécies cultivadas no Horto Medicinal do Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista - RBBV da Itaipu Binacional no município de Foz do Iguaçu, PR - Brasil. Foram realizadas duas coletas com intervalo de um mês para cada espécie e para a quantificação foi realizada a análise por espectrofotometria segundo a Farmacopeia Brasileira V. Os resultados foram analisados através do teste de variância (ANOVA) e a diferença no teor de taninos foi evidenciada pelo teste Tukey, a 5% de nível de significância empregando-se o software SISVAR. Foram obtidos em média 0,61% para o lote 1 e 2 de Maytenus aquifolium e (3,90%) para Maytenus ilicifolia, resultando em uma média de 84,35% de taninos a mais para Maytenus ilicifolia em comparação com Maytenus aquifolium concluindo assim que as espécies não devem ser intercambiáveis.

ABSTRACT The two species of (espinheira-santa) Maytenus aquifolium and Maytenus ilicifolia, which belong to the Celastraceae family, have been intensively explored in native populations, due to its medicinal potential. The great interest in the espinheira-santa is due to its effectiveness on the treatment of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. The antiulcerogenic effect is related to the presence of phenolic compounds, more specifically the tannins. This study aimed to compare the tannin doses between these two species grown in the Medicinal Garden of Bela Vista Biological Refuge - RBBV of Itaipu in the city of Foz do Iguaçu, PR - Brazil. Two trials were conducted with one month interval, for the quantification of the tannins by a spectrophotometry, according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia V. The results were analyzed through the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference in the tannins doses was demonstrated in a Tukey test at 5% level of significance employing the SISVAR software. It were found 0.61% of tannins for lot 1 and 2 of Maytenus aquifolium, and 3.90% for Maytenus ilicifolia, which represents 84.35% more tannin at Maytenus ilicifolia than at Maytenus aquifolium. Therefore, the species should not be interchanged.

Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of Athrixia phylicoides DC. (bush tea), Monsonia burkeana (special tea) and synergistic effects of both combined herbal teas

Objective: To determine the chemical compositions and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.), special tea (Monsonia burkeana) and synergy (combination of bush tea and special tea). Methods: Total polyphenols were determined using the methods reported by Singleton and Rossi (1965) and modified by Waterman and Mole (1994). Tannins were determined using vanillin HCL methods described by Prince et al. (1978). Total antioxidants were determined using the methods described by Awika et al. (2004). The micro dilution technique using 96-well micro-plates, as described by Eloff (1998) was used to obtain the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) values of the ethanol extracts against the microorganisms under study. The microbes strain used was Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia; Gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and a fungus Candida albicans. Results: The results demonstrated that special tea contains significantly higher content of total polyphenols (8.34 mg/100 g) and total antioxidant (0.83 mg/100 g) as compared to bush tea [total polyphenols (6.41 mg/100g) and total antioxidant (0.63 mg/100g)] and combination of bush tea and special tea [total polyphenols (6.42 mg/100 g) and total antioxidant (0.64 mg/100 g)]. There was no significant difference in tannins between bush tea, special tea and synergy. The results of antimicrobial activity (MIC and MMC) demonstrated that the ethanol extracts of bush tea, special tea and synergy possessed antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms at different zones. The MIC of bush tea ranged from 1.56 to 12.50 mg/mL while the MMC ranged from 0.78 to 12.50 mg/mL. Special tea's MIC ranged from 0.39 to 12.50 mg/mL while the MMC ranged from 0.01 to 12.50 mg/mL. The MIC of synergy ranged from 3.13 to 12.50 mg/mL while the MMC ranged from 3.13 to 12.50 mg/mL without positive synergistic effect recorded. Conclusions: Both bush and special tea contain total polyphenols, total antioxidants and tannins with special tea containing a significantly higher total polyphenols and total antioxidant as compared to bush tea and synergy. Bush tea, special tea and synergy possess antimicrobial activity at various degrees.

Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of Athrixia phylicoides DC. (bush tea), Monsonia burkeana (special tea) and synergistic effects of both combined herbal teas

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the chemical compositions and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.), special tea (Monsonia burkeana) and synergy (combination of bush tea and special tea).@*METHODS@#Total polyphenols were determined using the methods reported by Singleton and Rossi (1965) and modified by Waterman and Mole (1994). Tannins were determined using vanillin HCL methods described by Prince et al. (1978). Total antioxidants were determined using the methods described by Awika et al. (2004). The micro dilution technique using 96-well micro-plates, as described by Eloff (1998) was used to obtain the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) values of the ethanol extracts against the microorganisms under study. The microbes strain used was Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia; Gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and a fungus Candida albicans.@*RESULTS@#The results demonstrated that special tea contains significantly higher content of total polyphenols (8.34 mg/100 g) and total antioxidant (0.83 mg/100 g) as compared to bush tea [total polyphenols (6.41 mg/100g) and total antioxidant (0.63 mg/100g)] and combination of bush tea and special tea [total polyphenols (6.42 mg/100 g) and total antioxidant (0.64 mg/100 g)]. There was no significant difference in tannins between bush tea, special tea and synergy. The results of antimicrobial activity (MIC and MMC) demonstrated that the ethanol extracts of bush tea, special tea and synergy possessed antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms at different zones. The MIC of bush tea ranged from 1.56 to 12.50 mg/mL while the MMC ranged from 0.78 to 12.50 mg/mL. Special tea's MIC ranged from 0.39 to 12.50 mg/mL while the MMC ranged from 0.01 to 12.50 mg/mL. The MIC of synergy ranged from 3.13 to 12.50 mg/mL while the MMC ranged from 3.13 to 12.50 mg/mL without positive synergistic effect recorded.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Both bush and special tea contain total polyphenols, total antioxidants and tannins with special tea containing a significantly higher total polyphenols and total antioxidant as compared to bush tea and synergy. Bush tea, special tea and synergy possess antimicrobial activity at various degrees.

Determination of Total Polyphenols in Guhong Injection / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective To establish determination method for total polyphenols in Guhong Injection, and provide reference for internal quality control of Guhong Injection.[Methods]Using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, according to the consistent degree of the maximum absorption wavelengths of hydroxysafflor yel ow A and kaempferol relative to Guhong Injection, we selected the appropriate reference and color reaction condition to content determination.[Rsults]With hydroxysafflor yel ow A as the standard, the content of total polyphenols in 10 batches of samples were 9.94, 9.55, 9.75, 9.67, 9.84, 10.03, 9.81, 9.52, 9.88, 10.09mg·mL-1. The average recovery of total polyphenols was 98.11% and RSD was 1.68%(n=6). [Conclusion]The established Folin-Ciocalteu method is simple, accurate, sensitive, and is reliable for detecting total polyphenols in Guhong Injection.

Estudio de polifenoles, taninos y métodos químicos para determinar la actividad antioxidante de la semilla de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L) / Study of polyphenols, tannins and chemical methods to determine antioxidant activity in seeds of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L)

Sacha inchi, es una euphorbiaceae conocida como maní del Inca. Se encuentra distribuida en el Perú, en San Martín, Huánuco, Amazonas, Madre de Dios y Loreto. Objetivo: determinar la actividad de los compuestos fenólicos de las semillas de sacha inchi y su rol en el color, conservación, sabor de los alimentos y bebidas. Material y Métodos: el presente estudio se realizó con semillas de sacha inchi colectadas en Tarapoto por el Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Extensión Agraria (INIA). En el Centro de Bioquímica y Nutrición de la Facultad de Medicina Humana de la USMP. La determinación de polifenoles totales según Aparicio et al. (1999), taninos totales descrito por Price y Butler (1977) y actividad antioxidante mediante el método ORAC descrito por Prior y Cao (2000). Además de la capacidad inhibición de peróxido de hidrógeno según Wettasinghe y Shahidi (1999).y su poder reductor según Srivastava et al. (2006). Se trabajó con el aceite y la torta, obteniándose de cada muestra extractos hidrofílicos y lipofílicos. Resultados: se encontró mayor contenido de polifenoles totales, taninos totales, mayor poder reductor, mayor capacidad de inhibir peróxido de hidrógeno y mayor capacidad antioxidante en el extracto hidrofílico de la torta. Conclusiones: el extracto hidrofílico de la torta de sacha inchi mostró mayor contenido de polifenoles totales y taninos con acción antioxidante.

Sacha inchi is a euphorbiaceae known as the Inca peanut that is found in Peru in San Martin, Hu nuco, Amazonas, Loreto and Madre de Dios. Objective: to determine the activity of the phenolic compounds of sacha inchi seeds and its role in the color, durability, taste of food and drink. Material and Methods: this study was performed with sacha inchi seeds collected in Tarapoto by the National Institute of Agricultural Research and Extension (INIA) in the Center of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Medicine USMP. The determination of total polyphenols was performed according to Aparicio et al. (1999), total tannins as described by Price and Butler (1977) and antioxidant activity by the ORAC method described by Prior and Cao (2000). Also, the ability to inhibit hydrogen peroxide according Wettasinghe and Shahidi (1999) and their reducing power by Srivastava et al. (2006). We worked with the oil and cake obtained of each sample obtaining hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts. Results: we found higher total polyphenol content, total tannins, higher reducing power, greater ability to inhibit hydrogen peroxide and increased antioxidant capacity in the hydrophilic extract of cake. Conclusions: cake hydrophilic extract of sacha inchi showed higher content of total polyphenols and tannins with antioxidant action.

Seasonal dynamics in the nutritional and antinutritional status of stem bark of anogeissus latifolia.

Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) is an important medicinal plant used as herbal drug in the cardiac diseases management. In the present investigation seasonal variations in the stem bark samples (Apical bark, Middle bark and Mature inner bark) with respect to total reducing sugars, total sugars, amylose, amylopectin, starch, crude fibers, crude protein, total ash value, total polyphenols, water soluble tannins, total flavonoids, total alkaloids, nitrates, and total oxalate. The concentration of constituents except oxalate and total ash was found higher in the apical stem bark than the middle and mature inner bark. The oxalate and total ash were higher in the mature inner bark than the apical stem bark and middle bark samples.